The first studies of small mammals of the Cham Chu and Bac Me Nature Reserves, north-eastern Vietnam

Tham N.T., Tu L.N., Duong V.T., Hai B.T., Abramov A.V., Kruskop S.V., Minh L.D., Son N.T.

P. 193-209

Field surveys of mammals in two protected areas of the north-eastern limestone region of Vietnam, the Cham Chu (Tuyen Quang Province) and Bac Me (Ha Giang Province) Nature Reserves were conducted in 2018 and 2019. Thirty-five species of small mammals were recorded based both on field observations and on morphological and/or molecular evidence, as follows: one Scandentia species, four Eulipotyphla species, 14 Chiroptera species, and 16 Rodentia species. New records of Aselliscus dongbacanus and Chiromyscus thomasi in north-eastern Vietnam have been confirmed. Interestingly, the mole specimens collected during this study resemble Euroscaptor orlovi morphologically but significantly differ from it genetically. The present study has revealed that Chiroptera (38.9%) and Rodentia (47.2%) are the dominant groups in terms of their species diversity. Yet, the number of bat species is much lower as compared to that revealed by the previous study conducted in the same region (16 vs. 35). Although a couple of abundant species — Aselliscus dongbacanus (40 of 176 specimens) and Hipposideros cf. larvatus (37 of 176 specimens) — have been found during the present survey, other common species, such as Callosciurus inornatus and Rhizomys pruinosus, were very scarce, suggesting the occurrence of a severe anthropogenic pressure on small mammal fauna. More studies to assess a conservation status of and anthropogenic threats to small mammals are needed to protect them from serious population decline in the future.DOI: 10.15298/rusjtheriol.19.2.10

• Abramov A.V., Bannikova A.A., Lebedev V.S. & Rozhnov V.V. 2017. Revision of Chimarrogale (Lipotyphla: Soricidae) from Vietnam with comments on taxonomy and biogeography of Asiatic water shrews // Zootaxa. Vol.4232. No.2. P.216–230.
• Abramov A.V. & Kruskop S.V. 2012. The mammal fauna of Cat Ba Island, northern Vietnam // Russian Journal of Theriology. Vol.11. No.1. P.57–72.
• Abramov A.V., Kruskop S.V. & Shchinov A.V. 2018. Mammals of Con Son Island, southern Vietnam // Russian Journal of Theriology. Vol.17. No.1. P.1–16.
• Allen J.A. 1906. Mammals from the Island of Hainan, China // Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol.22. P.463–490.
• Aplin K. & Molur S. 2016. Rhizomys pruinosus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. e.T19645A115152385.
• Arai S., Kikuchi F., Bawm S., Nguyen Truong Son, Lin K.S., Vuong Tan Tu, Aoki K., Tsuchiya K., Tanaka-Taya K., Morikawa S., Oishi K. & Yanagihara R. 2019. Molecular phylogeny of mobatviruses (Hantaviridae) in Myanmar and Vietnam // Viruses. Vol.11. No.3. e.228.
• Balakirev A.E., Abramov A.V. & Rozhnov V.V. 2011. Taxonomic revision of Niviventer (Rodentia, Muridae) from Vietnam: a morphological and molecular approach // Russian Journal of Theriology. Vol.10. No.1. P.1–26.
• Balakirev A.E., Abramov A.V. & Rozhnov V.V. 2014. Phylogenetic relationships in the Niviventer–Chiromyscus complex (Rodentia, Muridae) inferred from molecular data, with description of a new species // ZooKeys. Vol.451. P.109–136.
• Bannikova A.A., Abramov A.V., Borisenko A.V., Lebedev V.S. & Rozhnov V.V. 2011. Mitochondrial diversity of the whitetoothed shrews (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla, Crocidura) in Vietnam // Zootaxa. Vol.2812. No.1. P.1–20.
• Bates P.J.J., Hendrichsen D.K., Walston J.L. & Hayes B. 1999. A review of the mouse-eared bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae: Myotis) from Vietnam with significant new records // Acta Chiropterologica. Vol.1. No.1. P.47–74.
• Bates P.J., Nwe T., Swe K.M. & Bu S.S.H. 2001. Further new records of bats from Myanmar (Burma), including Craseonycteris thonglongyai Hill, 1974 (Chiroptera: Craseonycteridae) // Acta Chiropterologica. Vol.3. No.1. P.33–41.
• Brook S., de Groot P.V.C., Mahood S. & Long B. 2011. Extinction of the Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) from Vietnam. WWF Report. Hanoi: WWF Vietnam. 44 p.
• Brook S.M., de Groot P.V.C., Scott C., Boag P., Long B., Ley R.E., Reischer G.H., Williams C., Mahood S.P., Tran Minh Hien & Polet G. 2012. Integrated and novel survey methods for rhinoceros populations confirm the extinction of Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus from Vietnam // Biological Conservation. Vol.155. P.59–67.
• Brook S.M., de Groot P.V.C., Scott C., Boag P., Long B., Ley R.E., Reischer G.H., Williams C., Mahood S.P., Tran Minh Hien & Polet G. 2012. Integrated and novel survey methods for rhinoceros populations confirm the extinction of Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus from Vietnam // Biological Conservation. Vol.155. P.59–67.
• Bui Tuan Hai, Ly Ngoc Tu, Vu Thuy Duong, Le Duc Minh, Nguyen Thi Tham & Nguyen Truong Son. 2019. Supplementary data of insectivores (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla) in Vietnam // Journal of Biology. Vol.41. No.2se1–2se2. P.393–407.
• Bui Tuan Hai, Masaharu M., Ninh Thi Hoa & Le Xuan Canh. 2020a. A revision of the geographical distributions of the Southeast Asian shrews (Crocidura dracula & C. fuliginosa) based on new collection in Vietnam // Proceeding of the 4th National Scientific Conference on Biological Research and Teaching in Vietnam. Hanoi. P.3–10.
• Bui Tuan Hai, Masaharu M., Kawada S., Abramov A.V. & Nguyen Truong Son. 2020b. Skull variation in Asian moles of the genus Euroscaptor (Eulipotyphla: Talpidae) in Vietnam // Mammal Study. Vol.45. No.4. P.265–280.
• Bumrungsri S. & Racey P.A. 2005. Field discrimination between lesser short-nosed fruit bat (Cynoptera brachyotis Muller, 1938) and greater short-nosed fruit bat (Sphinx Vahl, 1797) (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in South East Thailand // History Bulletin of The Siam Society. Vol.53. P.111–121.
• Clements R., Sodhi N.S., Schilthuizen M. & Ng P.K. 2006. Limestone karsts of Southeast Asia: imperiled arks of biodiversity // Bioscience. Vol.56. No.9. P.733–742.
• Csorba G., Ujhelyi P. & Thomas N. 2003. Horseshoe Bats of the World (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Bishop’s Castle, Shropshire: Alana Books. 160 p.
• Csorba G. & Jenkins P. 1998. First records and a new subspecies of Rhinolophus stheno (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae) from Vietnam // Bulletin of Natural History Museum, Zoology Series. Vol.64. P.207–211.
• Dang Huy Huynh, Cao Van Sung, Le Xuan Canh, Pham Trong Anh, Nguyen Xuan Dang, Hoang Minh Khien & Nguyen Minh Tam. 2008. [Fauna of Vietnam. Vol.25. Mammalia: Primates, Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Rodentia]. Hanoi: Science and Technics Publishing House. 363 p. [in Vietnamese].
• Dang Huy Phuong & Nguyen Truong Son. 2011. [Value of mammal species of Northwest Vietnam] // Proceedings of the 4th National Scientific Conference on Ecological and Biological Resources, Hanoi. P.1241–1248 [in Vietnamese].
• Dang Huy Phuong, Le Xuan Canh, Nguyen Truong Son & Nguyen Dinh Hai. 2013. Mammals recorded in Xuan Lien Nature Reserve, Thanh Hoa Province // Journal of Biology. Vol.35. No.3se. P.26–33.
• Dang Ngoc Can, Endo H., Nguyen Truong Son, Oshida T., Le Xuan Canh, Dang Huy Phuong, Lunde D.P., Kawada S.I., Hayashida A. & Sasaki M. 2008. [Checklist of Wild Mammal Species of Vietnam]. Hanoi: Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources. 400 p. [in Vietnamese].
• Dao Nhan Loi, Nguyen Van Viet, Dang Huy Huynh & Vu Dinh Thong. 2017. Bat species (Mammalia: Chiroptera) recorded from Dien Bien, Lai Chau and Son La Province // Proceedings of the 7th National Scientific Conference on Biology and Ecological Resources, Hanoi. P.255–260.
• Darriba D., Taboada G.L., Doallo R. & Posada D. 2012. jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing // Nature Methods. Vol.9. No.8. P.772–772.
• Ellis S. & Talukdar B. 2020. Rhinoceros sondaicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. e.T19495A18493900.
• Francis C.M. 2019. A Guide to the Mammals of Southeast Asia. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. 392 p.
• Francis C.M., Borisenko A.V., Ivanova N.V., Eger J.L., Lim B.K., Guillen-Servent A., Kruskop S.V., Mackie I. & Hebert P.D. 2010. The role of DNA barcodes in understanding and conservation of mammal diversity in South-East Asia // PLoS ONE. Vol.5. No.9. P.1–12.
• Fukui D. 2019. Rhinolophus pusillus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019. e.T85707059A21994916.
• Guo W.P., Lin X.D., Wang W., Tian J.H., Cong M.L., Zhang H.L., Wang M.R., Zhou R.H., Wang J.B., Li M.H. & Xu J. 2013. Phylogeny and origins of hantaviruses harbored by bats, insectivores, and rodents // PLoS Pathogens. Vol.9. No.2. e1003159.
• Gray T.N.E., Hughes A.C., Laurance W.F., Long B., Lynam A.J., O’Kelly H., Ripple W.J., Seng T., Scotson L. & Wilkinson N.M. 2018. The wildlife snaring crisis: an insidious and pervasive threat to biodiversity in Southeast Asia // Biodiversity and Conservation. Vol.27. P.1031–1037.
• Hassanin A., Bonillo C., Tshikung D., Pongombo Shongo C., Pourrut X., Kadjo B., Nakouné E., Vuong Tan Tu, Prié V. & Goodman S.M. 2020. Phylogeny of African fruit bats (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) based on complete mitochondrial genomes // Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. Vol.58. No.4. P.1395–1410.
• Hendrichsen D.K., Bates P.J.J., Hayes B.D. & Walston J.L. 2001. Recent records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Vietnam with six species new to the country // Myotis. Vol.39. P.35–122.
• Hoang Trung Thanh. 2018. [Study on Horseshoe Bat Genus (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in Vietnam]. PhD Thesis. Hanoi: Vietnam National University — University of Science. 149 p. [in Vietnamese].
• Hoang Trung Thanh, Nguyen Truong Son, Vu Thuy Duong, Nguyen Thanh Luong, Dao Nhan Loi & Vu Dinh Thong. 2019. [New records and morphological assessment of longnosed fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae: Macroglobosus spp.) from Vietnam] // Journal of Biology. Vol.41. No.4. P.117–124 [in Vietnamese].
• Irwin D.M., Kocher T.D. & Wilson A.C. 1991. Evolution of the cytochrome b gene of mammals // Journal of Molecular Evolution. Vol.32. No.2. P.128–144.
• IUCN. 2020. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2020-2. Available at www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed 31 July 2020.
• Ivanova N.V., Dewaard J.R. & Hebert P.D. 2006. An inexpensive, automation-friendly protocol for recovering high-quality DNA // Molecular Ecology Notes. Vol.6. No.4. P.998–1002.
• Kato A., Oshida T., Nguyen Truong Son, Nguyen Xuan Nghia, Hao Van Luon, Tue Van Ha, Bich Quang Truong, Endo H. & Nguyen Xuan Dang. 2011. Nest box utility for arboreal small mammals in Vietnam’s tropical forest // Russian Journal of Theriology. Vol.10. No.2. P.59–64.
• Kearse M., Moir R., Wilson A., Stones-Havas S., Cheung M., Sturrock S., Buxton S., Cooper A., Markowitz S., Duran C. & Thierer T. 2012. Geneious Basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data // Bioinformatics. Vol.28. P.1647–1649.
• Kruskop S.V. 2013. Bats of Vietnam: Checklist and an Identification Manual. Hanoi, Moscow: Joint Vietnamese-Russian Tropical Research and Technological Centre and Zoological Museum of Moscow Lomonosov State University. 299 p.
• Kruskop S.V. 2015. Dull and bright: cryptic diversity within the Hipposideros larvatus group in Indochina (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae // Lynx, n.s. (Praha). Vol.46. P.29–42.
• Kunz T.H. & Parsons S. (eds.). 2009. Ecological and Behavioral Methods for the Study of Bats. Second edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 901 p.
• Lekagul B. & Mcneely J. 1988. Mammals of Thailand. Second edition. Bangkok: Kuru Sapha Ladprao Press. 758 p.
• Le Khac Quyet, Rawson B.M., Duc, H., Nadler T., Covert H. & Ang A. 2020. Rhinopithecus avunculus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. e.T19594A17944213.
• Li Y., Li H., Motokawa M., Wu Y., Harada M., Sun H., Mo X. & Li Y. 2019. A revision of the geographical distributions of the shrews Crocidura tanakae and C. attenuata based on genetic species identification in the mainland of China // ZooKeys. Vol.869. P.147–160.
• Lin A.Q., Csorba G., Li L.F., Jiang T.L., Lu G.J., Vu Dinh Thong, Soisook P., Sun K.P. & Feng J. 2014. Phylogeography of Hipposideros armiger (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) in the Oriental Region: the contribution of multiple Pleistocene glacial refugia and intrinsic factors to contemporary population genetic structure // Journal of Biogeography. Vol.41. No.2. P.317–327.
• Lunde D.P., Musser G.G. & Nguyen Truong Son. 2003. A survey of small mammals from Mt. Tay Con Linh II, Vietnam, with the description of a new species of Chodsigoa (Insectivora: Soricidae) // Mammal Study. Vol.28. No.1. P.31–46.
• Lunde D. & Nguyen Truong Son. 2001. An identification Guide to the Rodents of Vietnam. New York: Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History. 80 p.
• Lunde D.P., Nguyen Truong Son & Musser G.G. 2007. A survey of small mammals from Huu Lien Nature Reserve, Lang Son Province, Vietnam // Mammal Study. Vol.32. No.4. P.155–168.
• Mao X., Tsagkogeorga G., Vu Dinh Thong & Rossiter S.J. 2019. Resolving evolutionary relationships among six closely related taxa of the horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus) with targeted resequencing data // Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Vol.139. e.106551.
• Molur S., Srinivasulu C., Srinivasulu B., Walker S., Nameer P.O. & Ravikumar L. 2005. Status of South Asian Non-Volant Small Mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.). Workshop Report. Coimbatore, India: Zoo Outreach Organisation / CBSGSouth Asia. 618 p.
• Musser G.G., Lunde D.P. & Nguyen Truong Son. 2006. Description of a new genus and species of rodent (Murinae, Muridae, Rodentia) from the tower karst region of north-eastern Vietnam // American Museum Novitates. Vol.2006. No.3517. P.1–41.
• Nguyen Quang Truong, Ngo Dac Chung, Le Hung Anh, Pham Thi Nhi & Nguyen Truong Son. 2020. [Curriculum. Methods of Investigation and Monitoring of Animal Biodiversity]. Hanoi: Publishing House of Natural Sciences and Technology. 291 p. [in Vietnamese].
• Nguyen Truong Son, Csorba G., Vuong Tan Tu, Vu Dinh Thong, Wu Y., Harada M., Oshida T., Endo H. & Motokawa M. 2015. A new species of the genus Murina (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Central Highlands of Vietnam with a review of the subfamily Murininae in Vietnam // Acta Chiropterologica. Vol.17. No.2. P.201–232.
• Nguyen Truong Son, Nguyen Xuan Dang & Dang Ngoc Can. 2011. [Fauna (Mammalia) diversity of northeast region of Vietnam] // Proceedings of the 4th National Scientific Conference on Ecological and Biological Resources, Hanoi. P.865–875 [in Vietnamese].
• Nguyen Truong Son, Nguyen Xuan Dang & Nguyen Quang Truong. 2002. Bat Survey and Management Plan for Puong Cave, Ba Be National Park, PARC Project VIE/95/ G31&031, Government of Vietnam (FPD) /UNOPS/ UNDP/Scott Wilson Asia-Pacific Ltd. Hanoi. 29 p.
• Nguyen Truong Son & Vu Dinh Thong. 2008. [The biodiversity of bat fauna in Ba Be National Park and Na Hang Nature Reserve area] // Biodiversity and Genetic Conservation. P.272–275 [in Vietnamese].
• Nguyen Truong Son, Vu Dinh Thong, Nguyen Xuan Dang & Csorba G. 2010. [Conservation status and distribution ranges of some horseshoe and leaf-nosed bat species in Vietnam] // Vietnamese Journal of Biotechnology. Vol.8. No.3A. P.981–990 [in Vietnamese].
• Nguyen Truong Son, Vuong Tan Tu, Nguyen Dinh Duy, Nguyen Vu Khoi, Bui Huu Manh, Bui Tuan Hai, Motokawa M., Kawada S.I., Fukui D., Saito H., Hoang Trung Thanh & Nguyen Van Toan. 2017. [Results of a diverse survey of small mammals (bats, rodents and shrews) in Tay Con Linh Mountain, Vi Xuyen District, Ha Giang Province]. Unpublished Report. 7 p. [in Vietnamese].
• Oshida T., Dang Ngoc Can, Nguyen Truong Son, Nguyen Xuan Nghia, Endo H., Kimura J., Sasaki M., Hayashida A., Takano A., Yasuda M. & Hayashi Y. 2011. Phylogenetic relationship between Callosciurus caniceps and C. inornatus (Rodentia, Sciuridae): Implications for zoogeographical isolation by the Mekong River // Italian Journal of Zoology. Vol.78. No.3. P.328–335.
• Oshida T., Lin L-K., Chang S-W., Dang Ngoc Can, Nguyen Truong Son, Nguyen Xuan Nghia, Nguyen Xuan Dang, Endo H., Kimura J., Sasaki M., Hayashida A. & Takano A. 2015. Mitochondrial DNA evidence suggests challenge to the conspecific status of the hairy-footed flying squirrel Belomys pearsonii from Taiwan and Vietnam // Mammal Study. Vol.40. P.29–33.
• Pagès M., Chaval Y., Herbreteau V., Waengsothorn S., Cosson J.F., Hugot J.P., Morand S. & Michaux J. 2010. Revisiting the taxonomy of the Rattini tribe: a phylogeny-based delimitation of species boundaries // BMC Evolutionary Biology. Vol.10. No.1. e.184.
• Ronquist F., Teslenko M., van der Mark P., Ayres D.L., Darling A., Höhna S., Larget B., Liu L., Suchard M.A. & Huelsenbeck J.P. 2012. MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space // Systematic Biology. Vol.61. P.539–542.
• Rawson B.M., Roos C., Nguyen Manh Ha, Bleisch W., Geissmann T. & Fan P.F. 2020. Nomascus nasutus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. e.T41642A17969578.
• Shi H., Dong J., Irwin D.M., Zhang S. & Mao X. 2016. Repetitive transpositions of mitochondrial DNA sequences to the nucleus during the radiation of horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus, Chiroptera) // Gene. Vol.581. No.2. P.161–169.
• Sikes R.S., Gannon W.L. & the Animal Care and Use Committee of the American Society of Mammalogists. 2016. Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in research and education // Journal of Mammalogy. Vol.97. No.3. P.663–688.
• Simmons N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera // Wilson D.E. & Reeder D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. P.312–530.
• Soisook P., Bumrungsri S., Satasook C., Vu Dinh Thong, Si Si Hla Bu, Harrison D.L. & Bates P.J.J. 2008. A taxonomic review of Rhinolophus stheno and R. malayanus (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from continental Southeast Asia: an evaluation of echolocation call frequency in discriminating between cryptic species // Acta Chiropterologica. Vol.10. No.2. P.221–242.
• Soisook P., Prajakjitr A., Karapan S., Francis C.M. & Bates P.J.J. 2015. A new genus and species of false vampire (Chiroptera: Megadermatidae) from peninsular Thailand // Zootaxa. Vol.3931. No.4. P.528–550.
• Srinivasulu C., Racey P.A. & Mistry S. 2010. A key to the bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of South Asia // Journal of Threatened Taxa. Vol.2. No.7. P.1001–1076.
• Srinivasulu B. & Srinivasulu C. 2018. In plain sight: bacular and noseleaf morphology supports distinct specific status of roundleaf bats Hipposideros pomona Andersen, 1918 and Hipposideros gentilis Andersen, 1918 (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) // Journal of Threatened Taxa. Vol.10. No.8. P.12018–12026.
• Steppan S.J. & Schenk J.J. 2017. Muroid rodent phylogenetics: 900-species tree reveals increasing diversification rates // PLoS ONE. Vol.12. No.8. e0183070.
• Sterling E.J. & Hurley M.M. 2005. Conserving biodiversity in Vietnam: applying biogeography to conservation research // Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. Vol.56. No.9. P.98–118.
• Sterling E.J., Hurley M.M. & Le Duc Minh. 2006. Vietnam: a Natural History. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 423 p.
• Sun H., Dong J., Shi H., Ren M. & Hua P. 2016. The complete mitochondrial genome of a Chinese rufous horseshoe bat subspecies, Rhinolophus sinicus sinicus (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) // Mitochondrial DNA, Part A. Vol.27. No.5. P.3301–3302.
• Sun K., Feng J., Zhang Z., Xu L. & Liu Y. 2009. Cryptic diversity in Chinese rhinolophids and hipposiderids (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae) // Mammalia. Vol.73. No.2. P.135–141.
• Thabah A., Rosster S.J., Kingston T., Zhang S., Parsons S., Khin Mya Mya, Zubaid A. & Jones G. 2006. Genetic divergence and echolocation call frequency in cryptic species of Hipposideros larvatus s.l. (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) from the Indo-Malayan region // Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. Vol.88. No.1. P.119–130.
• Thorington R.W., Koprowski J.L., Steele M.A. & Whatton J.F. 2012. Squirrels of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 459 p.
• Tordoff A., Baltzer M., Davidson P., Fellowes J., Ha Quy Quynh & Tran Thanh Tung. 2007. Ecosystem Profile: Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot, Indochina Region. Hanoi, BirdLife International Report. 153 p.
• Tordoff A., Baltzer M., Fellowes J., Pilgrim J. & Langhammer P. 2012. Key biodiversity areas in the Indo-Burma hotspot: process, progress and future directions // Journal of Threatened Taxa. Vol.4. No.8. P.2779–2787.
• Vietnam Red Data Book. 2007. [Vietnam Red Data Book. Part 1. Animals]. Hanoi: Publishing House of Natural Science and Technology. 515 p. [in Vietnamese].